Project Procurement Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Undertaking Procurement Management - Essay Example A marked Charter approves the Project Team to start chip away at the venture. Venture Schedule gives arranged dates for beginning and finishing exercises and achievements. Task calendar could be an addendum to the undertaking contract or be a piece of the sanction record itself to give an elevated level course of events of the venture to the administration and the partners. The Project contract ought to contain unpleasant appraisals for the administration to financial plan for the extend or decide to support this venture over different tasks that are in dispute for the subsidizing. This could likewise be remembered for the contract archive itself or be a different supporting record as a walled in area. Cost thing Costs$ Capital expenses Equipment $25,000.00 Programming $106,000.00 Foundation $83,000.00 Establishment $12,000.00 Proficient Services - usage and preparing $200,000.00 Others $53,000.00 All out Capital Costs $479,000.00 First Year Operating Costs Pay rates $300,000.00 PC Operational expenses $85,000.00 Contracted Services $200,000.00 Proficient administrations $150,000.00 Others $75,000.00 All out first year operational expenses $810,000.00 Absolute spending quote $1,289,000.00 References: 1. Task Charter characterized Authority Documentation Contrasting Prince2 and PMBOK http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/looking at/authority.htm 2. What should a task sanction contain A Project Charter layout http://www.vita.virginia.gov/ventures/

The Neighbors :: essays papers

The Neighbors I'm certain going to miss their extraordinary neighborliness and accommodation. They were generally so pleasant to me, and my mother and father. They were most likely the best neighbors we have ever had. I think Judy was the main companion I met when I moved here from Wisconsin. We were both so youthful, it's terrible of me not heading off to the burial service. I'll likely lament that I didn't go later on at the same time, I just couldn't deal with it at the present time. Brandon we' re home. Yea Mom I'm upstairs, do you feel that anybody has moved into the Smites house yet? No I don't think anyway, why? Since all the lights are on. Likewise there is a vehicle that resembles the Smites in the garage. You realize that is incomprehensible their vehicle was totaled in the mishap. The police needed to slice the vehicle down the middle to get the three bodies out. Well don't stress over it. You know we just originated from their memorial service it must be somebody from the land organization who has a vehicle like John and Beth had. Why not descend and eat. We halted and got pizza. Sounds extraordinary I'll be down in a moment. Gosh mother for what reason did you get this pizza? Are you anticipating organization? No Brandon, on the off chance that we don't complete it this evening, I'll put the left over pizza in the cooler. Sure mother, similar to we're going to complete everything today around evening time. I wouldn't be so certain, I think you are in for an unexpected today around evening time. Hello.. uh mother what's that old grungy book doing on the table? Its an old book that has been gone down through a few ages of my family. I imagined that you might want to take a gander at it with me and your dad. As I took a look at this strange looking book I saw the particular title that read MAGICO NEGRO. I figured it was spanish however had no clue about what it implied. I disregarded it and as I was eager, and plunked down for supper. At the point when I was preparing to chow down, my mom said For what reason don't we implore? This had me stunned in light of the fact that we generally possibly supplicate when it's a unique supper or occasion But when mother got the freaky book I was frightened and dreadful of what she anticipated doing! I saw that she had opened it to the Vs and was taking a gander at the word vecino in capital letters.

Refute an Argument regarding Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discredit an Argument with respect to Immigration - Essay Example The balances of equity tip away from the unlawful settler. It tips from human and social liberties too. In the United States, plain biased works on during all periods of the criminal equity framework concerning ethnic minorities, particularly those of African-American or Hispanic plummet have been all around recorded since the commencement of the nation (Sampson and Lauritsen, 1997). In later years, different U.S. criminal offices have expanded their endeavors to control another kind of minority gathering, specifically unlawful settlers from Mexico and Central America. The U.S. passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 which contains arrangements that explicitly focus on these gatherings by preventing business open doors for unlawful outsiders and has given a lot of subsidizing to the Immigration and Naturalization Service so it could build endeavors to lessen illicit movement by solidifying outskirt control strategies (McDonald, 1997). The ongoing expanded usage of law requirement estimates which are solely focused on minorities and workers has happened not just in the U.S. in any case, in European countries also. An investigation that directed research in both the U.S. what's more, Europe demonstrated that collaborations between police organizations and connections with foreigners are getting progressively tense as prove by an expansion of physical and obnoxious attack, a developing shared doubt and a heightening risk of savagery. In the U.S., â€Å"Discrimination against minorities happens in a roundabout way because of poor lawful portrayal, language issues, high occurrences of explicit offenses, (for example, medicate related and migration infringement) and low degree of work status† (Marshall, 1997) When contrasted with constituents of the socially prevailing group, illicit outsiders are considerably more at risk to be confined, addressed, and looked by law implementation authorities. When they have been captured, minority individuals are likewise more

Want to Get Accepted Your Application Needs to Make You Stand Out!

document.createElement('audio'); https://media.blubrry.com/admissions_straight_talk/p/cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/58291/Linda-Abraham-Standing-Out-in-Admissions.mp3Podcast: Play in new window | Download | EmbedSubscribe: Apple Podcasts | Android | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | TuneIn | Spotify I covered the importance of showing fit in Episode 162 Focus on Fit, the second most popular show of 2016 and the most popular show of the second half of 2016. But there is a second focus you need if you want to apply successfully to highly competitive programs. You need a corollary to fit. You need distinctiveness. Thats what todays show is about. If you only fit in or only stand out, you are unlikely to get accepted at programs that reject 80, 90 or 95% of applicants.  [1:20] Why do you need to stand out?  [1:45] Schools value diversity. Diversity creates a richer learning environment for those lucky enough to get in. If you are applying to any elite professional or academic graduate program, once you show you can do the work and that you fit in, you will be competing against others who have made the same case and who show they can stand out – that they can bring a distinctive element to a school’s class and community. Programs with 2-3% acceptance rate are not looking just to see who has the highest numbers – they want students who will contribute. Contribution takes different forms as you’ll see later in this episode. Many admissions professionals consider themselves enrollment managers. [2:50] They are creating a class and they view the class as a mosaic. Every individual student is an individual stone in this mosaic. And just like each stone in a mosaic has a distinctive hue and role to play in creating the whole picture, so does each individual accepted to a program. Stand out by showing you have something distinctive to contribute. I’ll show you the ways to do that:  [3: 37] 1. Excel – do better than your peers. I realize that this is easy to say and hard to do.   But it is one effective way to stand out. Actually I wanted to say â€Å"an outstanding way,† but thought better of it. 2. Have distinctive experiences. Maybe you have professional experience, community service, involvement in the arts, sports, religious organizations, or political activism that is unusual in your field. And if you showed leadership, teamwork, initiative, innovative spirit. creativity, and impact, you probably have something distinctive to write about. Please note that being a member of an organization or committee is less impressive than assuming responsibility and taking a leadership role where the buck from something stops with you. Highlight the latter, not the former. You dont have to climb Mt. Everest or swim the English Channel, although if you did those activities, they would certainly be distinctive. The key thing is that you have a distinctive experience where you took an active role. 3. Draw on your unusual personal experience or background (something you are as opposed to something you have done). Have you overcome disadvantage? Do you come from a part of the world or an ethnic background that is under-represented at your target program? How does that aspect of our life enrich you? Change you? 4. Show your distinctive perspective, whether it is  personal or professional (what and how you think as opposed to what you’ve done or are). Two caveats here: 1) Dont preach. 2) If you have a distinctive perspective, where have you put it into action? What difference does it make? For example, did you look at a report or data and see something in those numbers that no one else had seen previously? Is your research bringing a unique perspective to your field? 5. Show a habit of contribution. When have you made a difference in the past? A fundamental premise of admissions: Past behavior predicts future behavior. If you have not been active in the past, the adcom will have reason to be concerned that you won’t be engaged with their campus community, either. There are two parts to submitting a competitive application:  [9:00] 1. Have competitive qualifications. Have the ingredients that make you competitive. 2. Present those ingredients effectively. We’ve been focusing on standing out and what will make you stand out. But again, you need to present those qualifications effectively. I’ve seen so many applications where applicants with dynamic, fascinating stories actually came across as boring and dull because they failed throughout their app – essays, CV/resume, short answers, job and activity histories, and the interviews – to present their experiences effectively. I’m not talking writing Shakespearean English. But admissions committees want to meet and admit individuals. It’s not enough to have distinctive experience, you also should present it distinctively and that doesn’t mean weird or forced. So what are techniques that will help you present your story authentically, distinctively, and persuasively throughout the entire application?  [9:55] The first step to presenting yourself distinctively is: Write in specifics:  Use succinct anecdotes and detail to bring you to life. Because it’s your story, no one else has it. So many applicants will write in declarative sentences and generalities. That kind of writing bores, and the applicants blend in to a gray mass of blah. But if you write in specifics, you automatically individuate. Focus on achievements and not responsibilities when describing your professional and non-professional experiences. The results of your efforts will distinguish you. Merely describing your responsibilities makes you like every other person with a similar job title. Highlight your successes, achievements, and results, and you will automatically stand out –in a very impressive way. An example of how the way your write makes a difference: an EMT applying to medical school. If you just describe the job, you will blend in with all the other EMTs also applying to medical school. But if you describe your specific accomplishments (perhaps delivering a baby, doing CPR to save the life on a child after a pool accident), you will stand out. Furthermore, quantify those results and achievements when possible. The numbers will add concreteness and credibility to your story. (For more advice on how to  fit in, check out  Focus on Fit.) I’ll summarize the ways to stand out, and the ways to present your experiences effectively [15:45] : Substance of distinction: 1. Excel 2. Reflect distinctive experiences. 3. Show an individual point of view. 4. Reveal a habit of contribution. Presenting yourself so that you stand out: 1. Use specifics, anecdotes and details. 2. Focus on results and achievements, not just responsibility descriptions. If youd like Accepted to advise you individually so that you apply confidently showing that you both fit in and stand out,   find the perfect consulting service for you and get on the path to acceptance!    Please feel free   to post any questions you have in the comments! Related Links: †¢ Accepted’s Services †¢ Get Accepted to Harvard Business School. †¢ Get Accepted to Columbia Business School †¢ Get Accepted to Stanford Graduate School of Business. †¢ Secondary Application Strategies for Essays That Score Interviews †¢ 12 Tips for Multiple Mini-Interview  Success †¢Ã‚  The Ultimate Guide to Medical School Interview Success Related Shows: †¢ College Students, Recent Grads Interested in Business: London is Calling! †¢ Focus on Fit †¢ Get Into INSEAD, the International Business School †¢ Get Accepted to Hofstra Medical †¢ Johns Hopkins Medical: How to Get In †¢ Exploring the Haas MBA: An Interview with Peter Johnson Subscribe: ;

Huck Finn the Racist Essay - 1336 Words

When taking a look at Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn, racism is a large theme that seems to be reoccurring. What some may think to be racism in Twains words, can also be explained as, good story telling appropriate to the era the story takes place in. Twain himself has been suggested as a racist based on the fact that he uses the word nigger in his book. However, Twain was an avid abolitionist. For those who claim that Twain was a racist must have only been looking out for themselves and not those who are willing to learn about the past whether it be ugly or perfect. Racism was and forever will be a dark part of the American past, and no one can change that, no matter how many books one may alter. In this book a number of dialects†¦show more content†¦The main focus is to replace the 219 times the word nigger is used with slave. One would doubt that Twain would input the N-word into his book without having a good reason to do so. At the time of writing this book, the Civil War was over and the general thought was that slavery and racism was over. The thought then leads to the fact that Twain wanted to make a point of letting readers know that, just because you have abolished slavery does not mean that the racism and bigotry has gone with it. The repel of slavery made no difference to the racism card, and he wanted his Northern readers to know it. When the argument of replacing the word nigger with slave one sees the issue with that. The issue being that nigger in that time meant African-American, not necessarily a slave. So looking at a high school or college student in the future reading Huckleberry Finn for the first time and reading is with the word slave the story loses its effect on the reader. It does not give a sense of the time, it would only give a vibe that something is not right in the story. When reading this story for the first time, one must have an open mind and not pay attention to little things like racism in this book. The main plot is not, lets raft down a river and see how racist we can be. As one reads the story flows, and part of that flow is to allow discrepancy in racial slurs. It is okay to have theShow MoreRelatedHuck Finn: Racist or Not Racist?760 Words   |  4 Pagesin his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The character of Jim is demeaning to African-Americans as he is portrayed as a foolish, uneducated, black slave. The â€Å"n† word is also used in the book describing him and many other African-American characters in the story. However, some see this book as anti-racist and believe that the use of racist’s comments is not racist at all. Those who think that are mistaken becaus e Huck Finn in clearly a racist novel. The most obvious piece of evidenceRead More Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) - Racism Essay572 Words   |  3 PagesHuck Finn Racism Is Huck Finn A Racist Book? Ever since its publication over a hundred years ago, controversy has swarmed around one of Mark Twain’s most popular novels, Huck Finn. Even then, many educators supported its dismissal from school libraries. For post Civil-War Americans, the argument stemmed from Twain’s use of spelling errors, poor grammar, and curse words. In the politically correct 1990’s however, the point of argument has now shifted to one of the major themes of the book:Read MoreEssay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Book578 Words   |  3 PagesHuckleberry Finn Racist or Not? The book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not a racist book. The main arguments against it are the characters’ personalities and the dialect they used. This book is criticized by Twain critics and on the top ten ban list for school reading material. If people just concentrated on the main plot of the story, instead of the fine details that makes the novel realistic, they would agree th at the accusation of this novel being racist is ridiculous. Huck Finn was abusedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been a topic of debate for a long time. The most heated topic of debate is if the novel is racist and if it should then be included in school curriculum whether. Many believe this book should be taken out of school curriculum for being racist. Huckleberry FInn should be taught in schools because of its satire, views on slavery and morals, and depiction of antebellum America. Huck Finn still remains a classic Twain s use of satire is one of the many thingsRead MoreMark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1216 Words   |  5 Pages English 2 Honors/Pd. 8 5 June 2015 Is Mark Twain Racist? Alveda King once stated, â€Å"Racism springs from the lie that certain human beings are less than fully human.† Mark Twain supports this belief when he composed his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In the aftermath of the American Civil War, the institution of slavery and American Southern culture was not well understood internationally. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn conveys Southern culture and the social attitudes towardRead More Prejudice and Racism in Huckleberry Finn Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesHuckleberry Finn: The Immorality of Racism A majority of people in American society believe that school systems must teach children that racism is morally wrong. Often, however, tension has builds over how to teach this important lesson. Unfortunately, a controversy has built over the teaching of Huckleberry Finn. Although some believe that Mark Twains novel perpetuates racist feelings, in fact Twain uses the characters to demonstrate the immorality of slavery. Miss Watson and PapRead MoreHuckleberry Finn and the use of Satire Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pages Huck Finn and the use of Satire Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been controversial ever since its release in 1884. It has been called everything from the root of modern American literature to a piece of racist trash. Many scholars have argued about Huck Finn being prejudiced. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses satire to mock many different aspects of the modern world. Despite the fact that many critics have accused Mark Twain’s novel of promoting racismRead MoreEssay about Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work1519 Words   |  7 PagesHuckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work â€Å"All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn,† this is what fellow writer had to say about this classic novel. Still, this novel has been the object of controversy since it was published more than 150 years ago. Some people argue that Huckleberry Finn is a racist work, and that the novel has no place in a highschool classroom. This feeling is generated because a main character in the story, Jim, and other slavesRead More Huck Finn: The Twisting Tides Of Portrayal - Racism Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In recent years, there has been increasing discussion of the seemingly racist ideas expressed by Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In some cases, the novel has been banned by public school systems and even censored by public libraries. Along with the excessive use of the word, â€Å"nigger,† the basis for this blatant censorship has been the portrayal of one of the main characters in Hu ck Finn, Jim, a black slave who runs away from his owner, Miss Watson. At several points inRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 Pagesof Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck, a white boy, plays

Christopher Columbus The First Of Five Children - 923 Words

Christopher Columbus is perhaps one of today s most celebrated explorers. The Italian voyager was known for navigating to different parts of the world and possibly discovering America. Born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy, Columbus was the first of five children. As a young man, he traveled via sea peddling goods for different employers. He enjoyed navigating so much that he decided to go on an Atlantic odyssey. In order to go on the planned exploration, he needed sponsors. Journeying through sea can be very costly. The adventurer wanted to travel to Asia and explore their markets. Unfortunately, Columbus was turned down when he asked the King of Portugal to finance his trip. Traveling to Asia for them was inconvenient.The Portuguese†¦show more content†¦Recently, Columbus has been receiving a lot of negativity concerning his discoveries of modern day lands. Researchers have shown proven facts that Columbus was not the first to do majority of the things that he is famous for. The most famous of the many controversies is that Columbus did not discover America. According to some people, the Native Americans discovered the modern day United States. There is not any proof online or in books about Columbus ever stating that he discovered lands. He wanted to find gold, silk, and spices (Bentley, Ziegler 457). Even if Columbus was not the first person to make discoveries, he has the right to receive most of the credit. He took goods from other countries and made them universal. Everything that was bought and sold by him is still being used to this day. The explorer opened doors for others to go out, travel, observe, and discover. More opportunities were opening up due to Columbus. If he did not open doors for the men in his field then he would not be a celebrated explorer. He would be known as an unknown man. His only flaw was confusion. If there was modern day technology in 1492, he would have easily found his country of choice. Columbus settled down and got married to Filipa Moniz Perestrelo. Together they had a son named Diego. Columbus had a second son named Ferdinand with a different woman by the name of Beatriz. Although, Columbus has two sons, only one followed in his footsteps. That

Mozart Effect Essay Example For Students

Mozart Effect Essay Although it is only in recent times that scientists have started to document theeffects of music, the qualities of music were understood even in earliest times. Evidence suggests that dance and song preceded speech, which means that music isthe original language of humans. Researchers have found that about two-thirdsof the inner ears cilia resonate only at the higher frequencies that arecommonly found in music (3,000 20,000 Hz). This seems to indicate thatprimitive humans communicated primarily through song or tone. The ancient Greekphilosopher Pythagoras, best known for his work in mathematics, thought thewhole universe was comprised of sounds and numbers. There has long been anawareness that music affects us, even if the reasons are not clear. Around 900B.C., David played the harp to cure Sauls derangement (Gonzalez-Crussi). One os the worlds oldest medical documents, the Ebers Papyrus (circa 1500B.C.), prescribed incantations that Egyptian physicians chanted to heal thesick. This is perhaps the first recorded use of music for therapy. The positiveinfluence of music may have also saved Beethovens life in the early eighteenthcentury. In a letter he wrote, I would have ended my life-it was only myart that held me back (Kamien). Every human civilization has developedsome sort of musical idiom and has used it as a form of tranquilizer, as alullaby. Great civilizations have developed without the wheel, without a writtenlanguage, without money, but the use of soothing sounds seems to be a very basiccomponent of human physiology. There are distinct differences betweencompositions of different societies, but in spite of this, they can convey thesame moods, the same feelings, in all people. As Louis Pasteurs Germ Theory ofIllness launched the era of scientific medicine, music largely faded from formalmedical sett ings. Fortunately, it never completely disappeared. Americanmedicine first started experimenting with the therapeutic use of music duringthe nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As early as 1804, Edwin Atlee,wrote an essay in which he hoped to show that music, has a powerfulinfluence upon the mind, and consequently on the body. Modern musictherapy began to develop in the 1940s when psychotherapists used music to calmanxious patients, and music therapy programs were established in severaluniversity psychology departments. The relatively new field of neuro-musicologyhas been developed to experiment with music as a tool and to dissect and shapeit to the needs of society. The auditory sense The visible portion of the earconsists of an external shell, with an aperture known as the meatus or auditorycanal in the lower half. At the other end of this canal, about an inch insidethe head is a small membrane of skin about 3/1000 of an inch thick. This pieceof skin is stretched tightly ove r a framework of bone much like skin isstretched over a frame of wood to make a drum, and hence the name eardrum. Justbehind the eardrum lies a chain of three small bones known as ossicles. Thefirst ossicle is in contact with the eardrum, and the last presses against theoval window that leads to the cochlea. The ossicles serve to amplify the tinychanges in air pressure. The oval window passes the motion on to the fluidinside the cochlea. The neural tissue in the cochlea lies on the basilarmembrane. The basilar membrane holds the auditory receptors, tiny hair cellscalled cilia. Waves in the fluid of the ear stimulate the hair cells to sendsignals to through the thalamus to the temporal lobes of the brain. Soundreaches the ear in the form of waves which have traveled through the surroundingair. When the waves reach the ear, they exert varying pressures on the ear-drumand it is sent into motion. This motion is eventually detected by nerves andsent to the brain (as described above). The ear-drum is a remarkably sensitiveinstrument, an air displacement of only a ten-billionth of an inch is enough tosend a signal to the brain. This is far more sensitive than the best barometersthat scientists have today. Although the ear is very sensitive to minute changesin air pressure, it is only when these pressure changes are repeated in rapidsuccession that the messages are passed to the brain. Music Therapy HeartAttacks The latest research demonstrates that music therapy has a variety ofhealing effects. A study was conducted on three separate coronary care units inhospitals. One group received only standard care, the second group practiced aform of meditation, and the third group listened to sedative classical andpopular music. The patients who received only the standard care all showed highlevels of stress hormones in their blood, and rapid heart rates. These are bothundesirable reactions that can impair the immune system and slow healing. Themeditation and music groups show ed significantly lower heart rates and levels ofstress hormones. The music group was the least stressed. Cancer In a study atthe Montefiore Hospital in Pittsburgh, fifteen adults suffering from a varietyof cancers were receiving chemotherapy. Common side effects of chemotherapyinclude nausea and vomiting. A music-imagery program significantly reduced thenausea and the amount of vomiting. Immune system Stress triggers the release ofcertain hormones that suppress the immune system. In one study of night-shiftnurses who suffered from health problems, a twenty-minutes tape of sedativemusic and guided imagery reduced their levels of stress hormones. BloodPressure/Heart Rate A study at the State University of New York suggests thatmusic could help prevent the rise in blood pressure that some people experiencewhile performing potentially stressful tasks. The study tested the effects ofmusic on 50 male surgeons as they performed mental arithmetic tasks. Thesurgeons performed this task under three conditions: while listening to music oftheir own choice, listening to Pachelbels Canon in D, and insilence. Blood pressures increased the least when the surgeons were listening tomusic of their own choice. Blood pressure rose when the surgeons performed thetask while listening to Pachelbel, and increased the most in complete silence. The average heart rate followed a pattern similar to the blood pressure. Speedand accuracy was the best while listening to Pachelbel. The type of music thatthe surgeons selected for themselves did not seem to affect their outcomes. Forty-six of the participants selected classical music, two selected jazz, andtwo selected Irish folk. This study gives strong evidence that a soothingenvironment can help reduce blood-pressure elevations that result frompsychological stress. The entrainment effect offers one other explanation forthe physiological effects of music. Entrainment is the bodies ability tosynchronize its rhythms with the rhythms of vibrating bodies around it. Forexample, babies in neonatal care units have been known to synchronize theirnatural rhythms with those generated by nearby computer monitors, matching theirheart rate to the monitors beeping. Studies on adults have also been able toduplicate this effect with music. When volunteers were subjected to stress,their heart rates rose as expected. However, when they listened to a simulatedslow heart beat, their tension levels decreased and their heart rates slowed. Itis possible to change a persons heart rate with music that is written in aspecific tempo. When patients with a racing heart listen to music with about 50to 60 beats per minute, their heart rate usually slows down to synchronize withthe slower rhythm of the music. Autism Nonverbal communication between andautistic child playing the drums and a therapist on the piano can serve to bringa child out of isolation, the Journal of the American Medical Associationreported. Clive E. Robbins, Ph.D., says its a way of reaching into thechilds mind. He compared the musical interaction to verbal communication. Witch Hunts: Salem And McCarthyism EssayRauscher says that, listening to complex, nonrepetitive music like Mozartmay stimulate neural pathways that are important in thinking (Castleman). Rauscher used the same experimental design to test other types of music. In alater study, Rauscher was able to duplicate the effect of Mozarts music. Healso tested compositions by Philip Glass and other highly rhythmic dance pieces. No increase in students IQ was observed after listening to this type of music. This seems to suggest that hypnotic musical structures will not enhance mentalabilities. In a different study, scientists explored the neurophysiologicalbases of this enhancement. Spatial intelligence was tested by projecting sixteenabstract figures similar to folded piece of paper on an overhead screen for oneminute. The exercises tested whether seventy-nine could tell what the shapeswould look like when they were unfolded. Over a five-day period, one grouplistened to Mozart, another to silence, and third to mixed sounds. The studiesshowed that all the groups improved their scores from day one to day two, butthe Mozart groups score rose 62% percent, compared to 14% for the silent group,and 11% for the mixed-sound group. The Mozart group continued to achieve thehighest scores on subsequent days. Rauscher also conducted a study that showedthat music lessons or listening to music can enhance spatial reasoningperformance. The spatial reasoning of 19 preschool children who received eight months of music lessons far exceeded the spatial reasoning performance of 15preschoolers who did not receive music lessons. A variety of other people havebeen discovering the benefits of Mozarts music. For example, in monasteries inBritain, monks play music to the animals in their care, and have found that cowsserenaded with Mozart give more milk. In Washington State, Department ofImmigration and Naturalization officials play Mozart and Baroque music duringEnglish classes for new arrivals and reports that it speeds up their learning. The city of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada plays Mozarts string quartets into thecity squares to calm pedestrian traffic. Officials have found, in addition toother benefits, drug dealings have decreased. Many theories have been proposedto explain the Mozart Effect. According to Gordon Shaw, a theoretical physicist,Mozarts music may give the brain a warm up. He suspects that complex musicfacilitates certain complex neuronal patterns involved in high brain activitieslike math and chess. According to David Sobel, M.D., At least part of thethrill of music seems to come from the release of endorphines, the powerfulopiate-like chemicals produced in the brain that induce euphoria and relievepain. Administering drugs that block endorphin production significantly bluntsthe joy of music (Castleman). Sedative music reduces the levels of stresshormones, such as adrenaline, and has a calming effect on the limbic system ofthe brain, which plays a key role in emotion. Using special instruments, Tomati sdiscovered that burnout, fatigue, and the debilitating effects of stress comewhen the central gray nuclei cells of the brain run low on electrical potential. These cells act like small batteries, they generate the electricity for brainwaves that can be detected on EEGs. Before and after brain maps made from EEGs,show that the brain is stimulated by high frequency sound. Interestingly, thesecells are not recharged by body metabolism. These cells are charged up bysomething outside the body, namely sound. In particular, high frequency soundsfrom 5,000 8,000 Hz. Interestingly, before babies are born, they hear theirmothers voice at frequencies of about 8,000 Hz as a result of the distortionwhen sound travels through fluid. After checking the music of many differentcomposers, Tomatis found that the music of Mozart was richest in these higherfrequencies. In Cymatics, Hans Jenny, a Swiss engineer and doctor, describes thescience of how sound and vibration interact with matter. Jenny shows thatintricate geometric figures can be formed by sound. He has produced oscillatingfigures in liquids and gases. The forms and shapes that can be created by s oundare infinite and can be varied simply by changing the pitch, the harmonics ofthe tone, and the material that is vibrating. Sounds, especially music, can havea similar effect on cells, tissues and organs. Vibrating sounds formpatterns and create energy fields of resonance and movement in the surroundingspace. We absorb these energies, and they subtly alter our breath, bloodpressure, muscle tension, skin temperature, and other internal rhythms(Campbell). Through this type of research, scientists and physicians have becomeaware that the vibrations transmitted by music can have positive effects onpatients (or negative effects if the wrong type of music is used). A great dealof music has a rhythm analogous to the average human heart beat (70-80 beats perminute). We know the rhythms of music affect the rhythms of the autonomicnervous system, which regulates a vast a array of systems in our body. 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